How to Choose Essay Topics for English Assessment Test

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View each question cautiously and set aside a little effort to work out the subject and what sort of answer will be normal. </p> <h2> The 5-Minute Rule for Essay Topics for English Assessment Test</h2> <p>Even if two test takers chose exactly the same blend of Background Survey reactions, the resulting test wouldn't be precisely the same. Your score on the test is used to set up what number of medicinal courses you'll be asked to takeif any. An example test is anything but difficult to get at TestPrep-Online. The ACCUPLACER English Test comprises of two segments and doesn't have whenever limit. </p> <h2>What You Need to Know About Essay Topics for English Assessment Test </h2> <p>Remember you could just exchange from 1 program to the next toward the beginning of a semester. Understudies for the most part take roughly 80 minutes to complete the entire English Placement test, sp ending a mean of 30 seconds on every single test thing. 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Guidelines For Writing a Descriptive Essay

Guidelines For Writing a Descriptive EssayThe guidelines for writing a descriptive essay are a guide to the topic you are writing about. There are many people out there that write for fun, to help them learn about a topic they are already interested in or to help those that they love to learn more about something that could enrich their lives.These people should be careful when writing because it can be very easy to lose yourself in the language used in the essay, making the reader forget what the original purpose of the paper was. The guidelines for writing a descriptive essay are designed to help keep things straight and to allow the writer to better know how to compose a quality document.One good guideline is to create a list of what you know about the topic that you will be writing about. Next, begin to write about what you know, but do not jump right into describing your subject. Take some time to describe the person you are trying to write about and why they are the way they ar e. That way, you will get a better idea of how to describe the subject properly.You should also keep in mind that good guidelines for writing a descriptive essay also help you when you are writing to a friend or family member. Just like with an outline, the guidelines for writing a descriptive essay need to be communicated clearly so that you know what they expect.If the idea is to write something for fun, you should be as simple as possible. If you are writing for education, then you may want to include examples of quotations that are representative of the ideas you are trying to get across.Speaking of examples, it is also an important part of a good document. It allows the reader to see how you are going to relate the material you are writing to the information you have already covered.One of the most difficult parts of writing is trying to get an idea of what specific subjects the people you are writing for will be looking for. A good example of this is when you are writing about a specific type of car.It is quite difficult to understand the people that you are writing to without knowing what they expect from the documents that they are sending back to you. Using the guidelines for writing a descriptive essay can make sure that you can keep all of the details in a concise and clear manner.

How to Write an Introduction to the Essay Samples

How to Write an Introduction to the Essay SamplesHow to write an introduction to an essay samples are helpful if you are writing your own essay. Here is how to follow the process.The first thing you need to do is find a sample that is free or nearly free. There are plenty of online sites that offer sample essays that you can use. Use these samples and develop a style that you like, but remember to edit the material before you submit it to the college or university.Next, look at some organization guides or journal articles to see what people are writing about. These will give you ideas on the topics and they will help you formulate your own writing style. If you are worried about coming up with original thoughts, look at some background material or journal articles and you may find yourself drawn to something else.Finally, you have to write the introduction of your essay. You need to come up with some kind of introduction that you are proud of. Remember, this is the first paragraph of your essay so you need to make sure that you give your reader the information that they need to get started on the rest of the essay. You will also need to avoid coming across as unprofessional in your introduction.Do not worry about the type of writing you have done so far. Even if you have never written any kind of essay before, you should know that you have to do the research before you start writing. You also have to practice what you write for the essay, so make sure that you write something you are proud of.If you want to get a better idea of how to write an introduction to an essay samples, make a list of a few topics that you would like to cover. When you come up with a topic, make sure that you write some information on the essay that is appropriate for that topic. You can make a checklist of your essay and when you start the writing, you will find that you do not forget to write about the topic.Don't worry about learning how to write an introduction to an essay samples. Y ou only need to realize that you need to think of ways to provide information and that you need to make it informative. That way, you will be able to create your own style, but you can find samples that will allow you to write a great introduction.

Zora Neale Hurston Essay - 1149 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Zora Neale Hurston was a phenomenal woman. At the height of her success she was known as the â€Å"Queen of the Harlem Renaissance.† She came to overcome obstacles that were placed in front of her. Hurston rose from poverty to fame and lost it all at the time of her death. Zora had an unusual life; she was a child that was forced to grow up to fast. But despite Zora Neale Hurston’s unsettled life, she managed to surmount every obstacle to become one of the most profound authors of the century. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Zora Neale Hurston was born January 7, 1891 in Eatonville, Florida, the fifth of eight children to Reverend John Hurston and Lucy Potts Hurston. Zora was extraordinary person. When her mother†¦show more content†¦The constant relocation prompted Zora to go to work. Most of the jobs Hurston landed as maids and waitresses didn’t last long, due to her independent attitude. Hurston spent the next five years wandering from one job to another, living from hand to mouth, never able to afford new clothes or, even worse, books. Hurston, finally found a break when she became a wardrobe girl in the Gilbert and Sullivan theatrical troop. For eighteen months, she traveled with them feeling like a part of their family. With the assistance of one of the actresses, Zora entered Morgan Academy in Baltimore, MD (The high school division of what is now Morgan State University) in the fall of 1917(Howard 5). For the first time in her life, Zora Neale Hurston found a sense of accomplishment. Not only did she get her high school diploma, but she also went to college. During a time of racial oppression and Americans returning from World War I she managed to maintain various jobs to pay for her education. Morgan Academy was just the beginning of her extensive education. Howard University and Barnard College are where she obtained her degrees. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the fall of 1919, Zora Neale Hurston became a freshman at Howard University. Hurston studied intermittently at Howard for the next five years; the institution she would proudly call â€Å"The capstone of the Negro education in the world.† Hurston enjoyed college life even though she was a decade older than other freshmen. WithShow MoreRelatedZora Neale Hurston2149 Words   |  9 Pagesthe female space of the back porch that her audience is aware that Janie is calling attention to the enslaved condition of women (102). Explaination Their Eyes Were Watching God is a novel that was written by an African American author, Zora Neale Hurston. The book was launched in 1937 and primarily focuses on the life experiences of the protagonist Janie Crawford (Bloom 59). The story is set in central and southern Florida and epitomizes Janie’s search for self-awareness through love and relationshipsRead MoreSummary Of Zora Neale Hurston 1210 Words   |  5 Pages9:00 Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston was born on January 7, 1891 in Alabama. She is known to be one of the most influential novelist of the twentieth century in African America literature. Hurston is described to be a very opinionated woman that stood for what she believed in; which reflected in some of her works. In addition to her many titles such as, being an anthropologist and short story writer, she was closely related and heavily focused on the Harlem Renaissance. Zora Neale Hurston andRead More`` Sweat `` By Zora Neale Hurston Essay1072 Words   |  5 Pagescommitment takes a wrong turn and the relationship begins to consist of abuse? Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston takes a look into the secrecies and struggles of marriage, especially in the mid-1920s when marriage had somewhat different meaning than it does today. Within this short story, the problems of marriage are demonstrated through symbolism, imagery and the language and dialect that is used. Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston was written in 1926. During the 1920’s, the prohibition had just been put into effectRead MoreSweat By Zora Neale Hurston Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesIn her short story â€Å"Sweat†, Zora Neale Hurston details the troubled lives of a married African American couple in the deep south. Born and raised in Florida herself, Huston had an excellent perspective on the culture of that time and area. She no doubt saw the situations and heard the strong dialect that she presents in the short story, in which Sykes constantly beats and demeans his wife Delia, who keeps her retorts minimal as to not provoke him further. Sykes is openly dating another woman,Read MoreZora Neale Hurston Essay1992 Words   |  8 Pages#9;Zora Neale Hurston was an astounding Afro-American author who was recognized not for being the first Afro-American writer, but rather for her ability to bring forth her cultural language and imagery. If not for Zoras pioneering effor t as a female black writer, the world of modern literature would have never seen the cultural insights of the African American culture in such a candid way. #9;Zoras date of birth is said to be in January of 1891, however her actual date of birth is debated todayRead MoreEssay on Zora Neale Hurston606 Words   |  3 PagesOn January 7, 1891, Zora Neale Hurston was born in the tiny town of Notasulga, Alabama. She was the fifth of eight children in the Hurston household. Her father John was a carpenter, sharecropper, and a Baptist preacher; and her mother Lucy, a former schoolteacher. Within a year of Zoras birth, the family moved to Eatonville, Florida; a town, which held historical significance as the first, incorporated Black municipality in the United States. In 1904, thirteen-year-old Zora was devastated by theRead MoreSweat, by Zora Neale Hurston773 Words   |  4 PagesZora Neale Hurston’s â€Å"Sweat† is a distressing tale of human struggle as it relates to women. The story commences with a hardworking black washwoman named Delia contently and peacefully folds laundry in her quiet home. Her placidity doesn’t last long when her abusive husband, Sykes, emerges just in time to put her back in her ill-treated place. Delia has been taken by this abuse for some fifteen years. She has lived with relentless beatings, adultery, even six-foot long venomous snakes put in placesRead MoreSweat By Zora Neale Hurston946 Words   |  4 PagesThe story â€Å"Sweat† by Zora Neale Hurston focuses on the marriage life of Delia Jones and her husband Sykes. Hurston is known as famous American writer, she writes on real life stories as it was during the years when she wrote the stories. The story is about Delia Jones, a hardwor king and religious woman who mistakenly marries Sykes and has been living in a strained marriage life from fifteen years. Although they have been married for fifteen year, the relationship has been abusive. Sykes is an abusiveRead MoreZora Neale Hurston Essay1890 Words   |  8 Pagessuch as Langston Hughes, Wallace Thurman as well as Zora Neale Hurston; one of the most infamous and revolutionary authors the Harlem Renaissance would produce. Understanding the ideals and themes of Zora Neale Hurston comes with an understanding of the upbringing and childhood she had. Born on the seventh of January 1981 in Notasluga, Alabama, Zora Neale Huston was the fifth of eight children by John Hurston and Lucy Ann Potts. John Hurston was a sharecropper, carpenter and Baptist preacher whileRead MoreSweat, By Zora Neale Hurston1776 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Sweat,† a short story written by Zora Neale Hurston depicts the story of Delia, a washerwoman who is physically and mentally abused by her husband, Sykes. As Hurston explains, Delia is a strong, hardworking, calm, brave, and understanding woman who is able to stand with her head held high even through all the troubles she endures. In contrast, Sykes is abusive, a coward, troubleshooter and a man who depends on his wife to provide for him. He even has the indecency to use Delia’s money to pay for

Advanced Time Series Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Advanced Time Series Analysis. Answer: Introduction: One of the most important aspects of a scientific work is the ability of being reproduced (Popper, 2009). For an experiment to be regarded as a valid one it must possess attributes of replicability. The validity of an experiment can be determined by reviewing the methodology used, how the data was collected, whether enough literature review was undertaken, review the quantitative analysis done the researchers and lastly review the conclusions made by the authors. It is for this reason that this paper attempts to get a clear understanding and scientific authenticity of the paper entitled Exploitable Predictable Irrationality: The FIFA World Cup Effect on the U.S. Stock Market. This paper validates the fact that the experiment was independent of the local conditions, and that what was written clearly describes the findings of the experiment. To get a clear picture of the study, the following aspects of the paper were reviewed; the objectives of the study (i.e. whether the researchers h ad SMART objectives), the literature review conducted by the researchers, the methodology of the study, data collection procedures, how analysis was done and lastly the conclusions made by the researchers. In the review, despite the fact that the authors were articulate in conducting the experiment, a number of issues were found to have either been compromised or overlooked. For instance, the authors failed to include sensitivity analysis that would help validate potential errors in the results and findings. Also the literature review was not adequate enough to the existing gaps in the previously done studies. Conclusion was not as per the required standards; the researchers failed to highlight how their newly developed model was important as compared to the other models and as such the conclusion did not make any economic sense. Critical evaluation The paper under review sought to develop a practical method to exploit the asymmetric characteristic of the soccer sentiment effect. This objective is a SMART objective since it is measurable as is required of a SMART objective. The paper however does not provide enough literature review to show where the research fits into the existing body of nor to outline the existing gaps in the previously done studies. Even though the paper highlights the dataset used, it does not clearly describe where and how the data was obtained. It is important to clearly describe the methodology involved in obtaining the data as this would help verifying whether there could be any sort of bias associated with it that may end up biasing the results. On a positive note, the study clearly highlights the theoretical background but does not relate to the study under investigation. In terms of analysis, though the researchers did present several analytic tests, they have failed to include important components that relates to the kind of data under investigation. One such test is the test of stationarity and the test on absence or non-absence of autocorrelation that is associated with time series. The researchers ought to have presented these tests to tell the readers whether there data was affected with the mentioned issues or not. Another important aspect of the paper that the authors overlooked is the sensitivity analysis; clearly this paper has not mentioned anything to do with sensitivity analysis neither was one done by the authors. Sensitivity analysis is important in investigating the potential errors or changes of the parameter values or assumptions and the impact they have on the conclusions that can be made (Baird, 2009). Lastly, even though the authors gave their conclusion, the conclusions given have not highlighted how important their proposed model is as compared to the previous models. They have also not highlighted the shortcomings of the proposed model. These are important aspects that needs to be highlighted to enable the readers to make a quick and wise decision on the best model to utilize. In summary, the authors conclusions don't make any economic sense and it does not matter economically. Replication Exercise In this section, we attempt to replicate the analysis done by the authors. We ran OLS regression where we estimated the REW which is the stock return from equal weighted index (dependent variable) using 11 independent variables. Results showed that the value of R-Squared is 0.1136; which implies that 11.36% of the variation in the dependent variable Stock return) is explained by the 11 variables in the model. It can also be observed that out of the 11 variables, 6 of them were statistically significant in the model at 5% level of significance (p-value 0.05). 3 of the significant variables had negative regression coefficient while the other three had a positive regression coefficient. The negative coefficient shows that a unit increase in the variable results to a decrease in the stock returns. Dependent Variable: REW Method: Least Squares Date: 03/19/17 Time: 12:24 Sample: 1 16819 Included observations: 16819 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 0.001442 0.000809 1.781849 0.0748 D1 -0.002603 0.000821 -3.172375 0.0015 D2 -0.001523 0.000820 -1.858215 0.0632 D3 -0.000351 0.000820 -0.427743 0.6688 D4 -0.000339 0.000820 -0.413655 0.6791 D5 0.000440 0.000820 0.536553 0.5916 E -0.001581 0.000431 -3.670864 0.0002 H 0.001137 0.000368 3.085931 0.0020 J1 -0.074294 0.002387 -31.12017 0.0000 J2 0.064294 0.002387 26.93237 0.0000 P -0.000145 0.000165 -0.877557 0.3802 T 0.003861 0.000419 9.203592 0.0000 R-squared 0.113574 Mean dependent var 0.000629 Adjusted R-squared 0.112993 S.D. dependent var 0.008012 S.E. of regression 0.007546 Akaike info criterion -6.934938 Sum squared resid 0.956975 Schwarz criterion -6.929423 Log likelihood 58331.36 Hannan-Quinn criter. -6.933119 F-statistic 195.7638 Durbin-Watson stat 1.567376 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 Further Analysis The last part of this review is the presentation of the further analysis that the authors ought to have included in their paper. In addition to the analysis this reviewed added analysis of the ARCH model for the stock returns. To estimate a standard GARCH(1,1) model that has no independent variables we applied the following equation models: We then fitted a GARCH(1,1) model to the first difference of stock returns (REW), based on backcast values. The output is presented below: Table 2: GARCH (1,1) model Dependent Variable: REW Method: ML - ARCH (Marquardt) - Normal distribution Date: 03/19/17 Time: 17:36 Sample: 1 16819 Included observations: 16819 Convergence achieved after 39 iterations Presample variance: backcast (parameter = 0.7) GARCH = C(2) + C(3)*RESID(-1)^2 + C(4)*GARCH(-1) Variable Coefficient Std. Error z-Statistic Prob. C 0.000928 4.52E-05 20.53041 0.0000 Variance Equation C 2.12E-06 5.39E-08 39.39110 0.0000 RESID(-1)^2 0.174876 0.004373 39.98830 0.0000 GARCH(-1) 0.792184 0.004446 178.1676 0.0000 R-squared -0.001394 Mean dependent var 0.000629 Adjusted R-squared -0.001394 S.D. dependent var 0.008012 S.E. of regression 0.008018 Akaike info criterion -7.290314 Sum squared resid 1.081093 Schwarz criterion -7.288476 Log likelihood 61311.90 Hannan-Quinn criter. -7.289707 Durbin-Watson stat 1.586013 In the above table, the co-efficient C(2) shows the last period (t-1) volatility while C(3) shows the impact of long term volatility and lastly C(4) shows the leverage effect. As can be seen, the symmetry term is positive which indicates a positive shock has a much greater volatility impact as compared to the negative shocks that bear the same magnitude. References Baird, B. F. (2009). Managerial Decisions Under Uncertainty, An Introduction to the Analysis of Decision Making. Popper, K. R. (2009). The Logic of Scientific Discovery.

What is Culture Persuasive Essay Example For Students

What is Culture? Persuasive Essay 1. Introduction Culture, the most essential part of every human being, has been handed down for generations on from our predecessors. It differs from nation to nation, state to state, people to people. Human behaviour can be accounted for by the difference in their culture. As such, for the globalised economy of today, it is crucial to understand the concept of culture for conducting business. This report will attempt to define the concept of culture, major disparities in it and the effect of it on the conduct of business. 2. What is Culture? Culture defines the way humans act. According to Geertz, (cited in Trompenaars F. Hampden-Turner C. , 1997) culture is the means by which humans have evolved their knowledge of life and have sought guidance for their actions. As stated by Trompenaars Hampden-Turner, culture can be divided into three distinct layers: the outer layer, the middle layer and the core. The outer layer consists of explicit products. It is the tangible items, such as food, buildings, houses, shrines, markets, and the intangible ones, like the language, preference, fashion, taste, of a culture (Trompenaars F. Hampden-Turner C. We will write a custom essay on What is Culture? Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now , 1997). The middle layer consists of customs and ethics that determine human action. Trompenaars Hampden-Turner refer to this layer consisting of norms, which is the reciprocal sense of a group of people that enables them to decide between right and wrong, and values, which relates to the principles shared by a group concerning what is good and what is bad. The core is the origin of peoples culture that has defined the way humans act. Trompenaars Hampden-Turner defines it as the effect on human perspective due to the physical environment a person was brought up in. These form the basic assumptions of life and may include why we exist and why we do what we do. 3. The Concept of Individualism and Collectivism In order to understand the effects of culture on the conduct of business we need to look at the cultural variations among different people. Cultural differences can be explained by looking at Hofstedes (cited in Samovar and Koester, 1999) two dimensions of culture the individualist and the collectivist. 3. 1. Individualism According to Samovar and Porter, in individualistic culture individual is the most important unit in any social setting, independence rather than dependence is stressed, individual achievement is rewarded. According to Hofstedes finding, the United States, Australia, Great Britain, Canada and New Zealand incline to be individualism and Goleman states that, people in individualism cultures prioritize personal goals more than groups goals. 3. 2. Collectivism Collectivist cultures are somewhat opposite of individualistic cultures, they tend to be more close with others people around them. According to Samovar and Porter, people in collectivist cultures greater emphasis on the views, goals and needs of others rather than oneself. They tend to rely on a group for decision-making and prefer to be a part of the same association. Example of some collectivistic cultures is Pakistan, Colombia, Taiwan, Venezuela and Peru. 4. Effect of culture on the business context With the business becoming globalized, the effect of culture on business has become widespread. Will see how the effects of collectivistic and individualistic culture on business. 4. 1. Business contract The meaning of a contract may vary with variations in culture. According to Lustig and Koester (1999) individualistic cultures may find a contract legally binding if not completed as stated whereas in places like China, where they are more collectivistic in nature, a contract is regarded as binding only if the conditions of the contract remain same, it is more like a formality and outline 4. 2. Business deal The effects of culture can be clearly seen in business negotiation with individualistic cultures being more straight forward than there counterparts. .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .postImageUrl , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:hover , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:visited , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:active { border:0!important; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:active , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Legalize Marijuana EssayLustig and Koester points out that individualistic culture have a tendency of getting down to business rather than socialize and form ties like the collectivistic cultures. In Africa, China and other collectivistic cultures friendship is valued more than business and a frustworthy relationship is formed. However, it has been seen that Germans, Scandavians and French, all individualistic cultures fend more to set out the deal and conclude the business first. 4. 3. Gender Expectation In most of Collectivism countries, even the men and women are the same, but the women are still considered below men. Thus, it is rarely found that there are women who are leaders. But it seems that this condition is slowly vanished. Megawati Soekarno Putri, the President of Indonesia and Sadako Ogata from Japan is one of the proofs that this culture is slowly replaced (Lustig and Koester, 1999). On the other hand, gender is not a big issue in the individualism countries where women have the same position as men. In America, England, Australia women is common to be a leader. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, the effects on the business context is evident with differences in culture. It is important therefore, to recognize these differences in culture it this globalised economy of todays in order to conduct business. Bibliography Lustig M. W. and Koester J. , 1999, Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures, 3rd edn, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. , New York Samovar L. A. and Porter R. E. , 2001, Communication Between Cultures, 4th edn, Wadsworth, Australia Trompenaars F. and Hampden-Turner C. , 1997, Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, Nicolas Bradley, London. What is Culture Persuasive Essay Example For Students What is Culture? Persuasive Essay 1. Introduction Culture, the most essential part of every human being, has been handed down for generations on from our predecessors. It differs from nation to nation, state to state, people to people. Human behaviour can be accounted for by the difference in their culture. As such, for the globalised economy of today, it is crucial to understand the concept of culture for conducting business. This report will attempt to define the concept of culture, major disparities in it and the effect of it on the conduct of business. 2. What is Culture? Culture defines the way humans act. According to Geertz, (cited in Trompenaars F. Hampden-Turner C. , 1997) culture is the means by which humans have evolved their knowledge of life and have sought guidance for their actions. As stated by Trompenaars Hampden-Turner, culture can be divided into three distinct layers: the outer layer, the middle layer and the core. The outer layer consists of explicit products. It is the tangible items, such as food, buildings, houses, shrines, markets, and the intangible ones, like the language, preference, fashion, taste, of a culture (Trompenaars F. Hampden-Turner C. We will write a custom essay on What is Culture? Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now , 1997). The middle layer consists of customs and ethics that determine human action. Trompenaars Hampden-Turner refer to this layer consisting of norms, which is the reciprocal sense of a group of people that enables them to decide between right and wrong, and values, which relates to the principles shared by a group concerning what is good and what is bad. The core is the origin of peoples culture that has defined the way humans act. Trompenaars Hampden-Turner defines it as the effect on human perspective due to the physical environment a person was brought up in. These form the basic assumptions of life and may include why we exist and why we do what we do. 3. The Concept of Individualism and Collectivism In order to understand the effects of culture on the conduct of business we need to look at the cultural variations among different people. Cultural differences can be explained by looking at Hofstedes (cited in Samovar and Koester, 1999) two dimensions of culture the individualist and the collectivist. 3. 1. Individualism According to Samovar and Porter, in individualistic culture individual is the most important unit in any social setting, independence rather than dependence is stressed, individual achievement is rewarded. According to Hofstedes finding, the United States, Australia, Great Britain, Canada and New Zealand incline to be individualism and Goleman states that, people in individualism cultures prioritize personal goals more than groups goals. 3. 2. Collectivism Collectivist cultures are somewhat opposite of individualistic cultures, they tend to be more close with others people around them. According to Samovar and Porter, people in collectivist cultures greater emphasis on the views, goals and needs of others rather than oneself. They tend to rely on a group for decision-making and prefer to be a part of the same association. Example of some collectivistic cultures is Pakistan, Colombia, Taiwan, Venezuela and Peru. 4. Effect of culture on the business context With the business becoming globalized, the effect of culture on business has become widespread. Will see how the effects of collectivistic and individualistic culture on business. 4. 1. Business contract The meaning of a contract may vary with variations in culture. According to Lustig and Koester (1999) individualistic cultures may find a contract legally binding if not completed as stated whereas in places like China, where they are more collectivistic in nature, a contract is regarded as binding only if the conditions of the contract remain same, it is more like a formality and outline 4. 2. Business deal The effects of culture can be clearly seen in business negotiation with individualistic cultures being more straight forward than there counterparts. .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .postImageUrl , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:hover , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:visited , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:active { border:0!important; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:active , .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4 .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u33979678fc2f9eea9564d35aa9469bd4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Legalize Marijuana EssayLustig and Koester points out that individualistic culture have a tendency of getting down to business rather than socialize and form ties like the collectivistic cultures. In Africa, China and other collectivistic cultures friendship is valued more than business and a frustworthy relationship is formed. However, it has been seen that Germans, Scandavians and French, all individualistic cultures fend more to set out the deal and conclude the business first. 4. 3. Gender Expectation In most of Collectivism countries, even the men and women are the same, but the women are still considered below men. Thus, it is rarely found that there are women who are leaders. But it seems that this condition is slowly vanished. Megawati Soekarno Putri, the President of Indonesia and Sadako Ogata from Japan is one of the proofs that this culture is slowly replaced (Lustig and Koester, 1999). On the other hand, gender is not a big issue in the individualism countries where women have the same position as men. In America, England, Australia women is common to be a leader. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, the effects on the business context is evident with differences in culture. It is important therefore, to recognize these differences in culture it this globalised economy of todays in order to conduct business. Bibliography Lustig M. W. and Koester J. , 1999, Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures, 3rd edn, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. , New York Samovar L. A. and Porter R. E. , 2001, Communication Between Cultures, 4th edn, Wadsworth, Australia Trompenaars F. and Hampden-Turner C. , 1997, Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, Nicolas Bradley, London.

A Marxist Study of Much Ado About Nothing Essay Example

A Marxist Study of Much Ado About Nothing Essay Example A Marxist Study of Much Ado About Nothing Essay A Marxist Study of Much Ado About Nothing Essay Essay Topic: Much Ado about Nothing A Marxist study of Much Ado About Nothing Using the Marxist approach to one of Shakespeare’s comedies, Much Ado About Nothing, this essay deals with the unconscious of the text in order to reveal the ideology of the text (as buried in what is not said) so as to discover the hegemony behind the text. The ideology perpetuated in Much Ado About Nothing revolves around, centrally, ensuring the needs and insecurities of the aristocratic – the need for a patriarchal power, the need to reject, stigmatize and dominate the lower class and women. According to Elliot Krieger in A Marxist Study of Shakespeare’s Comedies, there is a â€Å"primary world† and a â€Å"second world† in each of Shakespeare’s comedies. The second world is a location towards which â€Å"the characters, hence the action, move† (1). The primary world is the actual location which the characters originally inhabit, while the second world is where the characters escape to. This second world is an alternative to the primary world, a different perspective for the characters to see the objective reality. It represents a state of mind which â€Å"shelters or separates them† in the primary world as the protagonists â€Å"circumscribe all of objective reality with their subjectivity† (3). While the protagonists â€Å"experience the second world as a retreat, withdrawal, or replacement† releasing their private fancy in this second world, others experience the second world â€Å"as a domination, an exhibition of authority† and â€Å"a restriction on their own autonomy† (4). In Much Ado About Nothing, the honourable prince Don Pedro and his illegitimate brother, Don John the Bastard, conjure up a second world of their own respectively. The second world of the former succeeds and sustains itself at the end of the play while that of the latter falls through hopelessly. The success and failure of the two different second worlds demonstrates the fact that â€Å"only a protagonist who has social degree, and power, can develop a second world in which personal whims organize the social experience of others, in which the needs of the subject’s ego replace the history of the primary world†(4). Hence, this Shakespearean comedy has the sole purpose of unconsciously serving the aristocratic in upholding their ideology, an ideology that has in turn become the hegemony for all in society. After the victory of the war in the primary world, Don Pedro arrives at Messina with his troops of soldiers and soon sets up the first second world in the play, aiming to â€Å"to bring Signor/Benedick and the Lady Beatrice into a mountain of/affection the one with the other† (II. i. 284-287) through the means of deception. Lady Beatrice, with her quick wits and independent character, often directs her wisdom and outspoken defiance against men: â€Å"Would it not grieve a woman to be overmastered with a pierce of valiant dust? †(II. i. 40-41) Her hatred of the opposite sex, which is most intensely overt in her verbal war with Benedick, unconsciously disturbs men and poses a threat to their virility. Beatrice must not have her waywardness left unruled: â€Å"I hope to see you one day fitted with a husband† sighs Leonato (II. i. 37). Indeed, Don Pedro’s subtle affection for Beatrice can be taken as more than a romantic interlude; it might be an unconscious attempt of the patriarchal ruling class to subjugate the agency of women by marrying them: â€Å"Will you have me, Lady? † (II. i. 252) Beatrice, as an independent and outspoken woman in the primary world, must be objectified and have her freedom forfeited in a man’s hands – if not Don Pedro, then Benedick. This fantasy is to be conducted in the second world – a response to the social condition in the primary world. The taming and exorcizing of the strong woman Beatrice is further expressed in the two instances of gulling. As proposed by Neely, Don Pedro, Leonato and Claudio â€Å"alleviate his (Benedick’s) fears about Beatrice’s aggressiveness by a lengthy, exaggerated tale of her desperate passion for him: ‘Then down upon her knees she falls, weeps, sobs, bears her heart, tears her hair, prays, curses – ‘O sweet Benedick! God give me patience’ (II, iii, 148-50)† (146). Such account â€Å"dovetails perfectly with his fantasy that all women (even the aggressive Beatrice) dote on him† and â€Å"gratifies†, most importantly, the male readers desire to â€Å"picture the disdainful Beatrice in this helpless state† (Neely, 146). The women’s gulling of Beatrice, on the contrary, make only one â€Å"unembroidered mention of Benedick’s love for her, even that is interrogative – ‘But are you sure/That Benedick Beatrice’s’(III, i, 36-7)† (Neely, 146). They â€Å"praise his (Benedick) virtues, not Beatrice’s† and assault heavily on the pride of Beatrice, â€Å"deflating rather than bolstering her self-esteem† (Neely, 146). These two instances of gulling, which bolster the authenticity of the second world of Don Pedro, manage also to exorcise and suppress the power of women in deflating Beatrice. The second world led by Don Pedro must succeed in replacing the primary world (where Benedick is verbally attacked by Beatrice) because he is the man with the highest social standing in the play. The hegemony reigns in as the subjectivity of Don Pedro becomes the experience of the others – the two instances of gulling edging closer and closer to honesty. The second world of Don Pedro and that of Don John share a foremost function to exorcize women as men harbor an unconscious fear to be subject to women’s sexual power. To Benedick and the male protagonists, love can lead to â€Å"humiliation and loss of potency†¦a castrating torture† (Neely, 144). To defend themselves, men â€Å"deny its possibility through idealization†, as in the idealization of Hero into a perfect and innocent virgin, â€Å"anticipate it through misogyny, as expressed in the strong Beatrice, or â€Å"transform it, through the motif of cuckoldry† (Neely, 141), as in the second world of Don John. (In the second world of Don John, deception is employed to slander Hero and defame her honour. Its destruction goes as far as providing an unconscious imaginary land for men to relieve their fears about women, suggesting their sadistic desire to attack women so as to affirm their virility. After being publicly shamed, Hero can do nothing but swoon; Beatrice also suffers in great frustration; as she feels the constraints of a woman, she cries: â€Å"Is he not approved in the height a villain, that/hath slandered, scorned, dishonoured my kinswoman? O/that I were a man! †¦O God, that I were a man! I would eat his heart† (IV. i. 212-214). Masculinity is portrayed as an exclusive power possessed only by the men who could fight back in the face of injustice. ) Marriage not only ends the war between Benedick and Beatrice but also maintains the purity of the blood of the upper class. During the time when the play was written, it was unlikely for one, especially a woman of the lower class, to marry one’s social status up. The concept of marriage between members of the same class is unconsciously promoted so that the blood of the lower class would not enter and stain that of the upper class. In granting the consent to Claudio to marry his daughter Hero, Leonato comments, â€Å"his grace hath made the match† (II, i, 232); being asked to marry Don Pedro, Beatrice refuses by asserting that his grace is â€Å"too costly to wear† (II, i, 252); in deceiving Claudio to believe that Don Pedro has wooed Hero for himself, Don John the bastard disapproves of such match as Hero â€Å"is no equal for his birth† (II, i, 144). It is important for one to marry a member of the same league. Marriage, which subjects women to men’s power and control, can also prevent the elevation of social standing of the lower class, which could prevent the ower class’ ‘robbery’ of the fortunes of the upper class. As a â€Å"good soldier to a lady† (I, i, 43), Benedick could marry off with a pretty woman of a lower social standing. He is denied this when Don Pedro ensures his marriage with Beatrice. Though the second world of Don Pedro produces an â⠂¬Å"abstract moral condition such as ‘harmony’ or ‘concord’, beneficial to all of the characters’† (Krieger, 5), its success sacrifices the autonomy of Beatrice, the freedom of Benedick and annihilates the possibility of an inter-class marriage which could reward either Beatrice or Benedick. This is also why the second world created by Don John is doomed to fail. Don John is a figure who has no respected or recognized social status. As an illegitimate brother to Don Pedro, he is no different from a parasite attached to his princely brother for economic subsistence and respect, as Leonato remarks upon receiving Don John, â€Å"Let me bid you welcome, my lord: being reconciled to/the prince your brother, I owe you all duty† (I, i, 117-118). Don John has Leonato owned his â€Å"all duty† only because he himself has â€Å"reconciled to† Don Pedro the prince. Despite being a ‘prince’, Don John is still referred as the â€Å"bastard†. The failure of his second world, which consists of slandering the virgin Hero, is an assurance that the illegitimate will never succeed in entering the league or upsetting the status quo of the legitimate upper class. The ideology of class distinction remains as people opt for a potential marital partner according to one’s social standing. The presence of Don John also serves as a living warning for the upper class that any illegitimate intercourse with the lower class may breed a potential malice in the future, that is the devilish Don John in the play. The lower class must be rejected by the upper class, especially in terms of marriage. The repulsion of inter-class marriage is further testified in Margaret being one of the accomplices of this valiancy in disgracing Hero. As the chamber-maid of Hero, Margaret pretends to be Hero and gets tempted by Borachio, with whom she has sex. Her lust is a testimony to the immorality of the lower class, who cannot command their own desires. In Shakespeares era, a woman with her honour lost would lose all her social standing. Compared to the public shaming of Hero, the absence of a punishment to Margaret’s loss of honour might also reflect the insignificance of the lower class. The lower class is free to do whatever they want as they are left in the gutter, while the upper class must watch their code of behaviour carefully so as not to fall into depravity. The promiscuity of Margaret also reinforces the depraved nature of the lower class which justifies the impossibility of an inter-class marriage which would otherwise pollute the blood of the upper class. The lower class is exorcised as it is presented to be depraved while the upper class remains virtuous in the purity of Hero. The second world of Don John fails soon after the truth about the gulling is made known to Leonato. Although the gulling is brought to light by Dogberry the policeman of the middle class, Don Pedro is the one who derives valuable answers from the villain Borachio to discover the truth of the villainy. With fluent articulation, Don Pedro forms the significant question, â€Å"Who have you offended, masters, that you are thus/bound to your answer? whats your offence? † (V. . 168-169) while Dogberry, the â€Å"learned constable†¦too cunning to be understood† (V. i. 168-169) fails to retrieve meaningful answers in his previous instances of interrogation due to his eccentric and wry use of language. His function works no more than exercising the labour to arrest and transfer the villain to the authority. Under arrest, Borachio only makes his confes sion to Don Pedro as he recounts, â€Å"Sweet prince, let me go no farther to mine answer:†¦I have/deceived even your very eyes: what your wisdoms/could not discover, these shallow fools have brought/to light† (V. i. 171-176). The ideology that aristocratic class holds the key to settling disputes and injustice permeates and they hold the legitimacy to rule the community. Contrary to a traditional reading of the play, the Marxist approach involves a close analysis of the minor character Don Pedro and also the absence of certain events, such as the punishment of Margaret, as well as the displaced rage of Beatrice. The â€Å"development of a second world† in Shakespearean comedies manifests aristocratic privilege. In fact, the â€Å"second world functions as an ideological system† and â€Å"hide[s] class struggle† (Kriger, 6). The struggle presented in the play is the disturbed power relation between men and women, upper class and lower class. The success of the second world of Don Pedro, who belongs to the aristocratic, replaces the social conditions of the primary world which is previously upset by the dominance of Beatrice and the intrusion of Don John the bastard. The hegemony, which is the second world, is set up by Don Pedro and is privileged to remain as the objective reality in the new primary world of both the aristocratic and the lower class.